Marketing Structure Of Marketing Structures - 1016 Words

There are many key structures to marketing. These marketing structures are used by many major corporations and at times are taken advantage. I will be discussing four of these market structures, which are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Understanding these marketing structures and making it work for a company to grow also produce for their customers. Perfect competition out of the four marketing structures is generally the best for equal customer and supplier relationships. Perfect competitive market speaking in a hypothetical market is where completion is at its greatest possible level. For a society and for consumers the best possible outcomes could be produced. Perfect completion is a structure†¦show more content†¦The firm is better off by producing, and not shutting down. When the market price is higher than the minimum average value cost, minimum revenue and minimum cost should be compared to find out the optimal level of output.The entry and exit are the only long run adjustments to consider. The firms in this industry have identical cost curves. The industry is in a constant cost to the scales. In long run, if economic profits are earned, firms enter the industry, which increases the market supply, causing the product price to go down. Until zero economic profits are earned, then the supply will be steady. If los ses are incurred in the short run, firms will leave the industry, which decreases the market supply, causing the product price to rise until losses disappear. Monopolistic you can say â€Å"in reality, the closest to perfect competition is monopolistic competition where part of productive and allocative inefficiency is traded for variety and product differentiation† (Papatheodorou, 2006, pg.224). In a monopolistic competition is firm where a market situation with a relatively large number of sellers offering similar but not identical products. Certain examples of monopolistic competition are fast food companies. Another example of monopolistic competition is clothing stores. For a lot of firms each has a small percentage of the total market.Differentiated products are a variety of the product makes monopolisticShow MoreRelatedThe Current Marketing Structure Of A Company1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthoughtful analysis of the current marketing structure of a company, its position and its future marketing strategy. The aims and objectives are as follows: 1. To look at one product of a company by sensible recommendation of product positioning, targeting and relevant marketing segmentation bases. 2. To describe different strategy the company can used to compete in the marketplace by using Ansoff’s growth matrix. 3. To discuss how 7Ps can be used for company overall marketing plan 4. And to describe theRead MoreMarketing Structure and Pricing Decisions5312 Words   |  22 PagesMARKET STRUCTURE AND PRICING DECISIONS BY ONIKOYI O. OLUWATOBI M.sc. Marketing A Presentation submitted to the department of business Administration and marketing Management and Social Sciences. In partial Fulfilment on ECONS 801 (MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS) Taught by Associate Prof. Didia P. O November, 2011 Introduction In order to maximize profits or shareholder wealth, managers must use the information that they have relating to demand and costs in order to determine strategy regarding priceRead MoreMarketing Plan Structure Acc to Jobber1628 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Plan Contents Introduction: Using the Marketing Planning Framework 1. Terms of Reference 2. Executive Summary 3. Business Mission 4. External Marketing Audit Macroenvironment The Market Competition 5. Internal Marketing Audit Operating Results Strategic Issues Analysis Marketing Mix Effectiveness Marketing Structures and Systems 6. SWOT Analysis 7. Marketing Objectives Strategic Thrust Strategic Objectives 8. Core Strategy Read MoreAnalysis Of The Current Marketing Structure Of A Company, Its Position And Its Future Marketing Strategy1354 Words   |  6 Pages25163567 OUGEC 1530 - PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING ESSAY This essay is to present a thoughtful analysis of the current marketing structure of a company, its position and its future marketing strategy. The aims and objectives are as follows: 1. To look at one product of a company by sensible recommendation of product positioning, targeting and relevant marketing segmentation bases. 2. To describe different strategy the company can used to compete in the marketplace by using Ansoff’s growth matrixRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Business Ownership, Management Structure And Staffing Essay2718 Words   |  11 Pages1. Executive Summary Business Overview Market Analysis Macro Environment Entry Strategy Marketing Strategy SWOT Analysis Market Research Competitor Analysis Business Ownership, Management Structure and Staffing Financials required Operational matters Legal Compliance 2. Business Overview What this business will do, its products and services, the industry it is in, when, where and how business will be delivered NannyMatch is an on-call or short-term babysitting service, which matches specificallyRead MoreMarketing Industry : An Essential Part Of Any Business Structure Essay2010 Words   |  9 PagesThe Marketing Industry Marketing is an essential part of any business structure. It’s how you get your product known by the consumer and without marketing you cannot make any sales and sales are the main goal of any business no matter what type, even if it’s a non profit charitable organization you still need people to buy into your cause so they can donate. Marketing in a simple way to put it is how, where, and why companies advertise their product. I will be focusing mainly on the AdvertisingRead MoreThe Logical Structure of the Service-Dominant (S-D) Logic of Marketing7412 Words   |  30 PagesMarketing Theory http://mtq.sagepub.com/ The logical structure of the service-dominant logic of marketing John Williams Marketing Theory 2012 12: 471 DOI: 10.1177/1470593112457745 The online version of this article can be found at: http://mtq.sagepub.com/content/12/4/471 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Marketing Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://mtq.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://mtq.sagepub.com/subscriptions Read MoreThe Primary Market Structures And Marketing Efforts, And The Principal Agent Problem1788 Words   |  8 PagesSummary This report looks at the four primary market structures, with a focus on two. Within each of these two market structures, this report will examine an industry, summarizing industry operations and characteristics, advertising and marketing efforts, and the principal-agent problem. Market Structures There are four basic market structures, each determined by the number of firms in the market and the dynamics of competition. They are perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolisticRead MoreDeveloping A Sustainable Marketing And Human Resource Structure For A Well Established Childcare Centre1862 Words   |  8 PagesDescription of the Project Proposal The project requirement as I understand is to develop a sustainable marketing and human resource structure for a well-established Childcare centre that caters for local families with pre-school aged children in the surrounding suburbs and Swinburne University community. This structure must have a low financial budget and also cater for further expansion in the future. The client has indicated that they are actively seeking to advertise and raise the view ofRead MoreA New Framework For Marketing Performance1018 Words   |  5 Pagesframework for marketing performance is to simply apply the methodology and compare the way the results correlate with organizational and operational performance outcomes. Innovations. Katsikeas et al. (2016) explain that one day marketing could possibly â€Å"become irrelevant as both an academic discipline and a functional area within firms if it is viewed as being ‘soft’ and unable to demonstrate linkages with valuable performance outcomes† (p. 12). It is imperative for the existence of marketing that an

Rip Curl Business Plan Essay examples - 2862 Words

BUSINESS STUDIES - RIP CURL BUSINESS REPORT SYNOPSIS Rip Curl have been operating in Australia since 1969 dealing in surfing products and accessories. Over the years consumer tastes have constantly changed and other surfing brands have moved into the market forcing Rip Curl to diversify their products and marketing strategies to remain one of Australia’s most successful businesses BUSINESS STRUCTURE Situational analysis Rip curl was born in 1969 when Brian Singer and Doug Warbick started a partnership with their personal savings of $500. This was a business to make surfboards and was set up in their backyard shed at Torquay in Victoria. Before long Rip curl had expanded from selling in surfing stores across Victoria to selling†¦show more content†¦Rip Curl is no different and has different objectives in the areas of finance, social and personal goals. Social Goals Social goals are goals that benefit the wider community. Rip Curl believe social goals relate strongly in maintaining relationships. This includes maintaining a strong relationship with customers and the surfing community and also with suppliers ensuring that a high quality product can be made. Also improving relationships within the workplace in relation to the management staff helping out the factory workers so there is not a great deal of separation within the workplace. Personal Goals Personal Goals refer to goals that may not have anything to do with financial profit or the wider community but still relate to the operating of a business. Different staff within Rip Curl have such goals and they can include anything from meeting a deadline to gaining a promotion. Financial Goals Financial goals are goals that relate to the net profit of the business and market share. Rip Curls financial goals are of course to overturn a profit and be able to cover there operating costs. Because of their large-scale operations they achieve these goals pretty easily. One of Rip curls past financial goals was to expand their business. They have done that and now operate on an international level. Rip curl don’t see the main reason for their business is to make money. They believe if that ifShow MoreRelatedEssay on Billabong Analysis2133 Words   |  9 Pagesfactor 11 References 12 1. Company Profile - Billabong International Ltd 1.1 - Overview of Billabong Billabong International Limited is an Australian based clothing company that established its business in 1980’s and expanded internationally through its franchises and acquisitions. The business is engaged in the marketing, distribution, wholesaling and retailing of apparel, eyewear, accessories, wetsuits and hard goods in the boardsports sector under the Billabong, Element, Von Zipper, HonoluaRead MoreBillabong Marketing Plan Essay4343 Words   |  18 Pages[pic] Billabong International Ltd. Company Marketing plan By (James) Company History Billabong is a holding company for an Australian brand of surf wear and extreme sports apparel. The company was established by Gordon and Rena Merchant in Burleigh Heads on the Gold Coast, Queensland in 1973 and expanded overseas into Japan, the USA and Europe through licensing agreements with third parties. Billabong sources its products from manufacturers before attaching their specificRead MoreBillabong Case Study10465 Words   |  42 Pagesprogramme for Billabong availability of cheaper wetsuits and boardshorts. It would allow customers to alternatives recycle their used ones in exchange for a discount on their next purchase. Billabong could adopt a green approach from business practices to the design of the physical retail outlets. These solutions would motivate environmentally conscious consumers to purchase their products even if it is more expensive than casual wear alternatives. Scenario 4 TransformationalRead MoreChapter One â€Å"There’s a lot more than what they’re telling you,† The cat said in a rough voice,2600 Words   |  11 Pagesmain hallway, but it wasn’t quite hidden enough for me to stand where I was without being seen. I swallowed slightly, and looked back towards the cat. â€Å"I’ll see if I can ferret out this demon before it strikes again. We can’t afford to have a real rip here.† For a moment he sat on the stair, almost red eyes locked on mine, and then he stood, tail lifting as he turned his back to me and almost pranced up the stairs. â€Å"Yes, Lord Lucius.† He replied just before his ink black fur dissolved into the shadowRead MoreMid Sem Paper4114 Words   |  17 PagesDirector 2 Leon was appointed to the Board on 1 July 2006. Leon was previously the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of the Company Q between 1993 and March 2001. 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It may be reproduced in whole or in part for study or training purposes, subjectRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 PagesNutritional Disorders Fertigation Systems and Nutrient Solutions Greenhouse Site Selection Greenhouse Structures Greenhouse Control Systems Greenhouse Energy and Resource Alternatives â€Å"Greening† the Greenhouse Greenhouse Marketing, Economics Business Plans Appendices CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 9: CHAPTER 10: CHAPTER 11: CHAPTER 12: CHAPTER 13: CHAPTER 14: CHAPTER 15: CHAPTER 16: Disclaimer: Any reference or mention of commercialRead MoreAmerican Slang Essay 115481 Words   |  62 Pagesand wavering to be accurately mapped; words and phrases are constantly crossing it, and in both directions. 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What did you do to your hair? Do you like it? I think it makes me look taller. Bonnie fluffed up the already fluffy bangs and smiled, her brown eyes sparkling with excitement, her little

American Slavery Free Essays

Political Points of View: American Slavery In the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, writes of the Incident when he defends himself against the cruel Mr. Covey. Harriet A. We will write a custom essay sample on American Slavery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jacobs also writes in her autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, of the time she decides to escape from her owners. Spirituals were extremely emotional songs that were often sung by American slaves. Harriet Tubman, a famous â€Å"conductor† or guide that helped free slaves, was interviewed and her stories were published of what she s an abolitionist went through. One similarity they all have is after being pushed too far, they resist against their suppressors. Douglas’s way of resisting injustice was defending himself against Mr. Covey. Mr. Covey was a cruel man that Douglass was loan out too. â€Å"l resolved to fight. † what was Douglass determined as he equally hurt Mr. Covey who had beat him previously day after day. I believe Frederick Douglass did the right thing even though extremely risky. Harriet A. Jacobs also resisted injustice by escaping her owner, Mr. Flint, and oing to hide at relatives or friends houses, but close enough to keep an eye on her children. â€Å"l groped my way tothe road.. † a quote Jacobs wrote in her autobiography of when she escaped. Even though though risky, Jacobs escaped to try and keep her children safe. knowing that If she took them with her they would give them away or they wouldn’t be touched by Mr. Flint since he believed she would return for them. Both went to hardships but found ways and the strength to rise up. Harriet Tubman created the underground railroad. which allowed many salves to scape to the free states. Tubman ,herself a former slave, was the most wanted fugitive of the era and although knowing the dangers still continued leading the underground railroad. Tubman tried to get her brothers to Join her to freedom but they refused. However, she didnt let that stop her. â€Å"She walked off alone, following the guidance of the brooks which she observed to run North. † Many American slaves were also known to sing spirituals. Spirituals tended to have codes, or expressed on how Americans slaves really felt about slavery. Spirituals were â€Å"moving and intensely emotional songs. In a sense I feel spirituals created a sad, depressing atmosphere, since many songs were sung that way. However, many were Spirituals were extremely helpful to Tubman and others to become free. Many American slaves were too afraid to rise up, but a few did. How to cite American Slavery, Papers

Desert and Animals free essay sample

An Ecosystem is a biodiversity community where biotic and abiotic elements inhabit the same environment. There are many types of ecosystems located throughout the world and one of which is known as the Gobi desert. The Gobi is a large desert region that scales from 500,000 square miles and spans across two countries (China and southern Mongolia) covering parts of northern and northwestern China. Like all deserts, the Gobi desert is a cold biome desert that consists of a vast array of animals and plants that have adapted to the harsh conditions. Abiotic factors of an organism are parts of the ecosystem that are not alive. These can be core elements, which the entire structure of the ecosystem depends on. Whatever life exists in an ecosystem must learn to adapt and survive the abiotic factors of the certain ecosystem. Abiotic factors within the desert environment include temperature, climate, soil, and rainfall. The abiotic features all help towards making up the desert. The temperature in the Gobi desert has been known to shift 60 degrees in a matter of hours. The weather can go down to minus -40 degrees during in the winter and as hot as 122 degrees during the summer. Although the desert only receives an average of 7.6 inches of rainfall per year, and northerly position on the globe, its not unheard-of to see frost or even snow atop the dunes occasionally. However, the Gobi receives most of its moisture during the winter. The Siberian Winter can cause problems in the Gobi desert, with high winds and low temperatures creating icy sandstorms or even snowstorms. High winds gather the snow from the steppes, distributing it over the dunes during the winter months. Because most of the desert is actually rock rather than sand, however, even this extra moisture has little effect on the regions ecosystem. These high winds are also the major cause of the temperature extremes common to the Gobi. Both cold and hot air are swept across the desert unhindered. The environment of the Gobi can be harsh and unforgiving. Biotic factors of an organism are parts of an ecosystem that are alive. These are living things that shape an ecosystem. Each biotic factor needs energy to do work and food for a proper growth. Although deserts receive around 7. 6 inches of rain per year, it is home to well over 2000 mammals consisting of snow leopards, Gobi bears, Jerboas, Camels, Wolves, Ox’s, Hawks and also humans and approximately over 400 species of plants. Each and everyone of these entities play a role in the survival of the desert. The biotic factors affect everything that happens in the desert, they determine the food webs, food chains, the producers and the consumers. The biotic features can bring beauty into the environment but also at the same time can be deadly and dangerous. In the desert there are many non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) organisms that interact with one another. There are 5 main types of relationships which consist of mutualism/symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism, competition, and neutralism. Many organisms do not live on their own but interact with other organisms. Some of these interactions benefit both organisms whilst other interactions benefit one organism but harming the other. Mutualism or Symbiosis is when both species that cooperate with each other are benefited from their relationship. Symbiosis can occur in various ways, this all depends on the types of species and their ability to cooperate with the surrounding area. An example of Mutualism is when the Phainopepia bird feeds on the mistletoe berries and leaves the undigested seeds of the berries in the surroundings through their droppings. This way the mistletoe plant provides food to the Phainopepia whilst the Phainopepia helps the plant grow in there surroundings. Commensalism is when only one of the species is benefited from the interaction between the two and the other species is neither harmed nor in danger. An example of this would be when a cactus wren builds its nest in a cholla cactus. While this is beneficial for the birds as it helps keep its young ones safe from predators as well keeping the cacti species unharmed. Parasitism is when one of the two organisms involved in the interaction  benefits at the cost of the other. In other cases, the organism which benefits from the interaction is known as the ‘parasite’ whilst the one which has to bear the force of the interaction is known as the ‘host’. An example of parasitism in the desert is between the praying mantis and wasp. In their interaction, the wasp lays its eggs in the egg cases laid by the praying mantis. When the wasp eggs hatch, it’s larvae starts to feed on the other eggs and makes it way out. Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures another and feeds on the captured organism. The organism that captures is the predator and the captured organism is called the prey. Predators have developed skills and weapons to capture their prey, an example of predation in the desert is when the snow leopard hunts down the Gobi bear using stealth and patience as their weapon. Allelopathy is when a toxin is release by plant to suppress another plants growth. Plants in the desert that suppress another plants growth is the Salvia leucophllya. The Salvia leucophllya is a type of aromatic sage where it releases volatile compounds which suppressed the growth of other plants that surrounds the Salvia leucophllya. Organisms form relationships with each other and help the ecosystem survive. Relationships can either are the way ecosystems survive, they help everything This is how the ecosystem survives and is preserved. Food webs consist of all the food chains which are located in the ecosystem. Each of the living organisms in the biome are apart of a food chain. Food chains create the cycle of energy and keep the nutrients flowing. Each link is called a trophic level. Trophic levels of an organism are the position in which a animal occupies. Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores or primary consumers. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores or second consumers. Animals that eat the remaining of the food are called the decomposers. Abiotic Factors are parts of an ecosystem that are not alive. Some impacts may consist of temperature and rainfall. Temperature and rainfall are a major downfall towards the desert ecosystem as temperatures rise to around 122 degrees during the day and drop down to -40 degrees during the night whilst rainfall dropping on average once per year, providing only 7. 2 inches of rain. Temperatures in the desert are very severe and hard to adapt too. Although many animals live in the biome, it has created a very difficult but yet adaptable lifestyle. If the temperatures rose above 122 degrees, it can severely affect the organisms living in the ecosystem as animals would not be able to survive much more of the heat. This may cause problems for the organisms to potentially die. If these animals die, this could probably disrupt the food chain because many animals rely on the vegetation provided and if it all dies, many animals would lose their main source of food and will soon later go to the brink of extinction. However, if the temperatures dropped, the desert would be a cooler and suitable home for animals. Although, this can lead to many pros and cons. The pros towards a colder biome is that animals can roam around without finding shelter or dig burrows to rest. Deserts don’t have much to offer when it comes to shade, so providing a colder area will be a pro towards a better lifestyle for animals. A con however, is many animals have adapted towards the heat and some animals might find it hard to adapt too. A problem the Gobi desert faces is the during the winter; during the winter, the desert receives many sandstorms and snowstorms, with the temperatures below the average, this may be a constant thing which occurs. Rainfall is considered as an important abiotic factor as this is one of the main sources where organisms that dwell in the desert receive water. If there was an increase of rainfall, it would dramatically affect the deserts ecosystem as this may benefit a lot of the organisms living there. Many animals will be able to survive longer due to the fact there is water to share, plants will be nourished and be able to supply animals with the nutrition needed. More rainfall will be a major and resourceful abiotic factor in the desert because deserts receive 7. 2 inches of rain. Changes can effect the way many organisms live, with a little change the ecosystem can result in a sustainable or a perfect home. If the ecosystem were to be affected by an introduced species it would severely affected or there could be a positive outcome. If a species like a human was introduced into the desert and were found living in the desert, there are many possible outcomes that can occur. Many animals in the desert biome are endangered, so if humans used them as a source of food the population of the animal(s) will lower, causing them to go to the brink of extinction, causing a mass change in the food chain. The temperature in the desert biome is very hot and might be difficult to adapt too, water is a difficult resource to find because the biome doesn’t provide that much rainfall. Shelter is very difficult to find because the desert doesn’t provide any. Life will be hard to adapt to due to the fact that the biome wasn’t fit for a human. Although there can be a positive outcome towards the situation. Nevertheless, humans can also bring a positive outcome towards the desert as they would be able to nurture and protect animals from its predators or from potential threats. The adaption would be difficult but nevertheless adaptable. The Gobi desert is a biodiversity community that is home to many organisms where abiotic and biotic play a major role in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. Each organism plays an important role to create what the Gobi desert is today.

Desert and Animals free essay sample

An Ecosystem is a biodiversity community where biotic and abiotic elements inhabit the same environment. There are many types of ecosystems located throughout the world and one of which is known as the Gobi desert. The Gobi is a large desert region that scales from 500,000 square miles and spans across two countries (China and southern Mongolia) covering parts of northern and northwestern China. Like all deserts, the Gobi desert is a cold biome desert that consists of a vast array of animals and plants that have adapted to the harsh conditions. Abiotic factors of an organism are parts of the ecosystem that are not alive. These can be core elements, which the entire structure of the ecosystem depends on. Whatever life exists in an ecosystem must learn to adapt and survive the abiotic factors of the certain ecosystem. Abiotic factors within the desert environment include temperature, climate, soil, and rainfall. The abiotic features all help towards making up the desert. The temperature in the Gobi desert has been known to shift 60 degrees in a matter of hours. The weather can go down to minus -40 degrees during in the winter and as hot as 122 degrees during the summer. Although the desert only receives an average of 7.6 inches of rainfall per year, and northerly position on the globe, its not unheard-of to see frost or even snow atop the dunes occasionally. However, the Gobi receives most of its moisture during the winter. The Siberian Winter can cause problems in the Gobi desert, with high winds and low temperatures creating icy sandstorms or even snowstorms. High winds gather the snow from the steppes, distributing it over the dunes during the winter months. Because most of the desert is actually rock rather than sand, however, even this extra moisture has little effect on the regions ecosystem. These high winds are also the major cause of the temperature extremes common to the Gobi. Both cold and hot air are swept across the desert unhindered. The environment of the Gobi can be harsh and unforgiving. Biotic factors of an organism are parts of an ecosystem that are alive. These are living things that shape an ecosystem. Each biotic factor needs energy to do work and food for a proper growth. Although deserts receive around 7. 6 inches of rain per year, it is home to well over 2000 mammals consisting of snow leopards, Gobi bears, Jerboas, Camels, Wolves, Ox’s, Hawks and also humans and approximately over 400 species of plants. Each and everyone of these entities play a role in the survival of the desert. The biotic factors affect everything that happens in the desert, they determine the food webs, food chains, the producers and the consumers. The biotic features can bring beauty into the environment but also at the same time can be deadly and dangerous. In the desert there are many non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) organisms that interact with one another. There are 5 main types of relationships which consist of mutualism/symbiosis, commensalism, parasitism, competition, and neutralism. Many organisms do not live on their own but interact with other organisms. Some of these interactions benefit both organisms whilst other interactions benefit one organism but harming the other. Mutualism or Symbiosis is when both species that cooperate with each other are benefited from their relationship. Symbiosis can occur in various ways, this all depends on the types of species and their ability to cooperate with the surrounding area. An example of Mutualism is when the Phainopepia bird feeds on the mistletoe berries and leaves the undigested seeds of the berries in the surroundings through their droppings. This way the mistletoe plant provides food to the Phainopepia whilst the Phainopepia helps the plant grow in there surroundings. Commensalism is when only one of the species is benefited from the interaction between the two and the other species is neither harmed nor in danger. An example of this would be when a cactus wren builds its nest in a cholla cactus. While this is beneficial for the birds as it helps keep its young ones safe from predators as well keeping the cacti species unharmed. Parasitism is when one of the two organisms involved in the interaction  benefits at the cost of the other. In other cases, the organism which benefits from the interaction is known as the ‘parasite’ whilst the one which has to bear the force of the interaction is known as the ‘host’. An example of parasitism in the desert is between the praying mantis and wasp. In their interaction, the wasp lays its eggs in the egg cases laid by the praying mantis. When the wasp eggs hatch, it’s larvae starts to feed on the other eggs and makes it way out. Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures another and feeds on the captured organism. The organism that captures is the predator and the captured organism is called the prey. Predators have developed skills and weapons to capture their prey, an example of predation in the desert is when the snow leopard hunts down the Gobi bear using stealth and patience as their weapon. Allelopathy is when a toxin is release by plant to suppress another plants growth. Plants in the desert that suppress another plants growth is the Salvia leucophllya. The Salvia leucophllya is a type of aromatic sage where it releases volatile compounds which suppressed the growth of other plants that surrounds the Salvia leucophllya. Organisms form relationships with each other and help the ecosystem survive. Relationships can either are the way ecosystems survive, they help everything This is how the ecosystem survives and is preserved. Food webs consist of all the food chains which are located in the ecosystem. Each of the living organisms in the biome are apart of a food chain. Food chains create the cycle of energy and keep the nutrients flowing. Each link is called a trophic level. Trophic levels of an organism are the position in which a animal occupies. Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores or primary consumers. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores or second consumers. Animals that eat the remaining of the food are called the decomposers. Abiotic Factors are parts of an ecosystem that are not alive. Some impacts may consist of temperature and rainfall. Temperature and rainfall are a major downfall towards the desert ecosystem as temperatures rise to around 122 degrees during the day and drop down to -40 degrees during the night whilst rainfall dropping on average once per year, providing only 7. 2 inches of rain. Temperatures in the desert are very severe and hard to adapt too. Although many animals live in the biome, it has created a very difficult but yet adaptable lifestyle. If the temperatures rose above 122 degrees, it can severely affect the organisms living in the ecosystem as animals would not be able to survive much more of the heat. This may cause problems for the organisms to potentially die. If these animals die, this could probably disrupt the food chain because many animals rely on the vegetation provided and if it all dies, many animals would lose their main source of food and will soon later go to the brink of extinction. However, if the temperatures dropped, the desert would be a cooler and suitable home for animals. Although, this can lead to many pros and cons. The pros towards a colder biome is that animals can roam around without finding shelter or dig burrows to rest. Deserts don’t have much to offer when it comes to shade, so providing a colder area will be a pro towards a better lifestyle for animals. A con however, is many animals have adapted towards the heat and some animals might find it hard to adapt too. A problem the Gobi desert faces is the during the winter; during the winter, the desert receives many sandstorms and snowstorms, with the temperatures below the average, this may be a constant thing which occurs. Rainfall is considered as an important abiotic factor as this is one of the main sources where organisms that dwell in the desert receive water. If there was an increase of rainfall, it would dramatically affect the deserts ecosystem as this may benefit a lot of the organisms living there. Many animals will be able to survive longer due to the fact there is water to share, plants will be nourished and be able to supply animals with the nutrition needed. More rainfall will be a major and resourceful abiotic factor in the desert because deserts receive 7. 2 inches of rain. Changes can effect the way many organisms live, with a little change the ecosystem can result in a sustainable or a perfect home. If the ecosystem were to be affected by an introduced species it would severely affected or there could be a positive outcome. If a species like a human was introduced into the desert and were found living in the desert, there are many possible outcomes that can occur. Many animals in the desert biome are endangered, so if humans used them as a source of food the population of the animal(s) will lower, causing them to go to the brink of extinction, causing a mass change in the food chain. The temperature in the desert biome is very hot and might be difficult to adapt too, water is a difficult resource to find because the biome doesn’t provide that much rainfall. Shelter is very difficult to find because the desert doesn’t provide any. Life will be hard to adapt to due to the fact that the biome wasn’t fit for a human. Although there can be a positive outcome towards the situation. Nevertheless, humans can also bring a positive outcome towards the desert as they would be able to nurture and protect animals from its predators or from potential threats. The adaption would be difficult but nevertheless adaptable. The Gobi desert is a biodiversity community that is home to many organisms where abiotic and biotic play a major role in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. Each organism plays an important role to create what the Gobi desert is today.

The Importance of the arts in schools Essay Example For Students

The Importance of the arts in schools Essay The Importance of the arts in schools ay: Edwin rexes The arts in my opinion are one of the greatest things most American schools can offer _ Some people believe that the arts arent needed in schools because supposedly they re useless. But guess what, Im here to prove those people wrong. Personally could tell you plenty Of reasons the arts are extremely helpful for students all over America. Now that I think about it why dont I tell you! You know What Will and by the time Im done With this essay youll be completely convinced that the arts are significant and completely necessary. The first reason he arts are beneficial would have to be that the arts encourage kids to build self-confidence. I mean if you havent noticed kids these days care more about what others think of them than what they think of themselves. This happens a lot because many of these kids or students lack self-confidence. We will write a custom essay on The Importance of the arts in schools specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But when some students decide to enroll in lets say a theatre class and they discover that having fun and exploring new ways of art can help them forget their insecurities, People may think that a student gaining self-confidence means nothing and there wrong because that means a lot, Besides that the fact that a simple theatre class can hang how a student sees themselves and make them feel confident that my friend is truly beautiful. The second reason why the arts are useful for schools is that the arts help students improve their learning success. In fact a University in California did a study using 25,000 middle and high school students and they found that the students participating in the arts did better on Standardized tests than those who werent. Besides that the arts help with learning because the teachers who teach the arts always make sure to motivate their students and that actually really helps. Also the arts help teach more reading and language kills, thinking skills, and even social skills. Most importantly the arts contain positive school environment because everyone in the arts are in forced to respect each other. Meaning that students can feel comfortable going to school without troubles but With peace! The final reason Why the arts are beneficial is that the arts help students express themselves. Many students find it hard to express themselves. But with the arts expressing yourself can be as easy as reciting the A, B, CSS. The more students that choose to express themselves through the arts. The easier it becomes to try new things. I mean what better than the arts to express yourself! You can sing your feelings, write about them or act about them so many possibilities! That was my third and final reason on how the arts are beneficial. Now those are all three reasons on how the arts are beneficial and helpful to schools. My point is that the arts are amazing and that they can help students in so many ways, I hope that now you are convinced that the arts are one tooth most marvelous things we have in American schools.

1984 Quotes Explained

1984 Quotes Explained George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four was written as a response to what he saw as the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian thinking in the world both before and after World War II. Orwell foresaw how the combination of control over information (such as the constant editing of documents and photos under Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union) and constant efforts at thought control and indoctrination (such as that practiced under Chairman Mao’s ‛cultural revolution’ in China) could result in a surveillance state. He set out to demonstrate his fears with the novel that has permanently changed the way we discuss the subject of freedom, giving us words like ‛Thoughtcrime’ and phrases like ‛Big Brother is watching you.’ Quotes About Control of Information Winston Smith works for the Ministry of Truth, where he alters the historical record to match the Party’s propaganda. Orwell understood that control of information without the objective check on such power provided by a free press would allow governments to essentially change reality. In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it ... And what was terrifying was not that they would kill you for thinking otherwise, but that they might be right. For, after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or that the force of gravity works? Or that the past is unchangeable? If both the past and the external world exist only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable†¦what then? Orwell took inspiration from a real event in Russia where the communist party celebrated reaching a production goal in four years instead of five by proclaiming that the workers had made 225. In this quote he notes that we only ‛know’ things that have been taught to us, and thus our reality can be changed. In Newspeak there is no word for Science. Newspeak is the most crucial concept in the novel. It is a language designed to make disagreement with the Party impossible. This goal is achieved by eliminating all vocabulary and grammatical constructions that could be construed as critical or negative. For example, in Newspeak, the word bad does not exist; if you wanted to call something bad, you would have to use the word ungood. Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in ones mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. Doublethink is another important concept Orwell explores in the novel, because it makes the Party members complicit in their own oppression. When one is able to believe two conflicting things to be true, truth ceases to have any meaning outside what the state dictates. Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. People represent history through their own memories and identities. Orwell is careful to note the vast generation gap opening up in Oceania; the children are enthusiastic members of the Thought Police, but the older people like Winston Smith retain memories of the time before, and thus must be treated like all history- altered by force if possible, eliminated and erased if not. Quotes About Totalitarianism Orwell used Nineteen Eighty-Four to explore the dangers of authoritarianism and totalitarian forms of government. Orwell was deeply suspicious of the tendency of governments to become self-perpetuating oligarchies, and he saw how easily people’s worst tendencies could be subverted to the will of an authoritarian regime. â€Å"A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge hammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people ... turning one even against ones will like an electric current, turning one even against ones will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic.† One technique Orwell explores is directing the unavoidable fear and anger experienced by the population away from the Party and the state. In the modern world, authoritarian demagogues often direct this anger towards immigrant groups and other ‛outsiders.’ â€Å"Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a slightly disgusting minor operation, like having an enema. This again was never put into plain words, but in an indirect way it was rubbed into every Party member from childhood onwards.† This quote demonstrates how the state has invaded even the most private aspects of life, dictating sexual mores and controlling the most intimate aspects of daily life through misinformation, peer pressure, and direct thought control. â€Å"All beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society from being perceived.† Orwell cleverly makes Emmanuel Goldstein’s book an accurate explanation of totalitarianism. Goldsteins book, Goldstein himself, and The Brotherhood may well be part of a ruse created by the Party to snare would-be rebels like Winston and Julia; nevertheless, the book lays out how a totalitarian government sustains its hold on power, in part by controlling outward expression, which has a direct effect on inward thought. Quotes About Destruction of the Self In the novel, Orwell is warning us about the ultimate goal of such governments: The absorption of the individual into the state. In democratic societies, or at least one which have a sincere respect for democratic ideals, the individual’s right to their beliefs and opinions is respected- indeed, it’s the foundation of the political process. In Orwell’s nightmare vision, therefore, the key goal of the Party is destruction of the individual. The thought police would get him just the same. He had committedwould have committed, even if he had never set pen to paperthe essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you. Thoughtcrime is the essential concept of the novel. The idea that simply thinking something contrary to what the Party has decreed to be true is a crime- and then convincing people that its revelation was inevitable- is a chilling, terrifying idea that requires people to self-edit their thoughts. This, combined with Newspeak, makes any sort of individual thought impossible. For an instant he was insane, a screaming animal. Yet he came out of the blackness clutching an idea. There was one and only one way to save himself. He must interpose another human being, the body of another human being, between himself and the rats. ... Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I dont care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me! Winston initially endures his torture with desolate resignation, and holds onto his feelings for Julia as a final, private, untouchable part of his inner self. The Party is uninterested in merely getting Winston to recant or confess- it wishes to completely destroy his sense of self. This final torture, based on a primal fear, accomplishes this by making Winston betray the one thing he had left of his private self.

Take home mid term (nonresearch other than course readings) Essay

Take home mid term (nonresearch other than course readings) - Essay Example The social structure that we have is dictated by our economics. Class and stratification come about as a result of economic opportunity. Groups that struggle for equal rights pin their demands on the need for economic equality and equal pay. Efforts to create new social institutions are done so not with speeches and persuasion, but with economic motivations. Barrington Moore's argument that economic trends are a better predictor of political behavior is certainly true in America. America was built on free market economics and has molded the way we perceive our class system and our social programs. The American Revolution was unique in that it was not a revolution that overthrew an existing system, but was rather a fight for independence that was in the process of building a system of government. Historians have, at times, noted the multiple roles of America's revolution and termed it a liberal-republic or exclusionary republic. John Adams observed with some pride that America had turned "their backs on Europe's class-ridden corporate society, for rejecting the canon and feudal law" (Hartz 322). This viewpoint painted America as a Democratic Republic in which each individual was a participant in their own fate. Indeed, there was little to overthrow when America was created. It was the most orderly and free society in the world and there was a movement to preserve that tradition. Sam Adams was less hopeful and predicted that all systems, however free, would eventually fall prey to man's tyranny and the "passions of Men that are fixed and timeless" (Hartz 324). The American Revolution created a free republic that was still in its infancy. There was freedom that was unknown to Europeans as Hartz notes that, "millions of Europeans have fled to America to discover the freedom of Paine, there have been a few Americans, only a few of course, who have fled to Europe to discover the freedom of Burke" (336). This freedom was not only in political thought and social structure, but also economics. Free market economics demanded freedoms of political thought and this was not overlooked by Franklin. Franklin was more absorbed with the philosophy of economics than that of politics and was revered for the philosophy by which Poor Richard lived more than for the Almanac itself (Hartz 332). From this aspect America was a rugged Republicanism that was exclusionary by necessity. They were building a society with deliberate frugality. The deliberate course of events created a free market republic, yet many economic sectors were dependent upon the oppression of slaves and women. Their freedoms, built into the constitution, would not be realized for centuries. Still, the free Republic was inevitable as Hartz writes, "When men have already inherited the freest society in the world, and are grateful for it, their thinking is bound to be of a solider type (324). This soldier mentality has been the impetus for the steady progress toward the building of the Republic as it was founded and it was intended. 3a.) James Madison's Political Thought James Madison, one of the most influential founding fathers of the constitution, was a complicated political thinker whose enigma, has at times, been interpreted as inconsistent. Madison began his life born into wealth and privilege offering him a liberal education in one of America's finest universities. Madison was a man of

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No topic - Essay Example Some women had been married by Americans during the Second World War. The Chinese fled from China from Communism and settled in various towns such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago and Boston. Their immigration was in line with the 1965 act, which lessened the restrictions on Asian immigration. Most of them enrolled for education and worked their way up the social ladder. The Asian Exclusion Act had prevented the immigration of Asians laborers. The social mobility is also associated with their economic development within the ethnic group. Geographically, the Chinese immigrants are known to be settled in peculiar China towns in the American society. New immigrants often join them and continue living in ethnic groups. Chinese tradition is upheld and often consulted for dispute settlement and provision of moral guidelines. A portion of the Chinese immigrant is illiterate.    The Japanese immigrants are spread within the American society. They engaged in business beyond their ethn ic group and obtained  higher level of education. They immigrants have values which go along with the American values such as respect, hard work and politeness. Education is given importance and most of the Japanese immigrants are literate. A large number of the immigrants have professional education or technical skills in specific field. Creating and maintaining relationships is significant hence they use such relationships to form business groups. It can be argued that they have integrated in the American society. California enacted a bill that restricted Japanese immigrants. Those who were contracted as laborers were able to become proprietors and they seemed to be a threat, thus foreigners were forbid from owning land. Asians and other immigrants took the place of the minority. Immigrants were required to poses a passport. Obtaining citizenship was a challenge and many remained as non-citizens. Restrictions on contracted laborers were enacted to secure employment for the Ameri can citizens. They could not vote or have any political representation. Many lived in fear of deportation. Those who needed services from the justice system feared being denied the services because of their race and stereotypes. Notions such as Americans against them (Asians) were common. There were restrictions that that required the immigrants to obtain a certain level of literacy. Asian immigrants are one of the fastest groups of immigrants with majority obtaining education and securing high income. They have maintained their identity and cultural values. The Immigrants remained few in number until the end of the Second World War. 2 Immigration patterns have been influences by the American stance after the Second World War. American foreign policy on immigration has been encouraging supremacy and global leadership and disassociating with isolation. The war brides act and the Lece Celler Act allowed the women engaged and married by Americans to immigrate. The act allowed a specifi c number of people in a year. Other immigrants who were refugees of war were also allowed. They gained citizenship and could seek for employment and enroll for education. After the Second World War, many immigrants were absorbed in the labor industry. Many of the women who had been called to join in the war returned to their homes while others remained. Many immigrants worked their way up the social ladder by enrolling for education and seeking

Conscious Obedience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conscious Obedience - Essay Example In a very general sense, everyone obeys out of their own self-interest. However, this places the fear of punishment on an equal plane with the promise of a reward and does not shed much light on the underlying reasons. The question that needs to be answered is; what self-interest are we fulfilling when we obey Kelman and Hamilton argue that obedience comes from one of three rationalizations. Compliance for self-interest, acknowledgment of authority, or ethical concerns (Tyler 1090). A person may comply with the request to work overtime at no pay in hopes of getting a promotion. In their identification of authority model, a person may act against their better judgment if the boss orders them to take an illegal action. People also have the capacity to exercise free will and act according to their own value system. Psychological theorists can help explain obedience by examining the motivation behind the reward we receive for compliance. Maslow would describe the humanist viewpoint as obeying to gain respect and recognition from authority. Skinner would see obedience as a natural conditioned reaction to doing what we are told. Bronfenbrenner describes a myriad of authorities that we obey on an individual or group level. The echological argument holds that patriotism is obedience to nationalism. Obedience can take many forms and the authority may be abstract. Young children may obey their parents because they understand it is the right thing to do and is an ethical decision. It may be self-interest, as they will obey them to avoid their parent's punishment, or to gain a reward. However, a child's inner logic may not be apparent through their actions alone. Children who have been abused, neglected, or feel abandoned may withdraw and suffer from defeatism (Singer, Dornenbal, and Okma, 601). They will display obedience though it may not be for the self-interest that it appears. In a study of children by Singer, Dornenbal, and Okma, the researchers found significantly more foster children offered little or no resistance to parental authority than their birthchildren counterparts (596). Birthchildren had a much higher incidence of offering fierce resistance in a disciplinary conflict than foster children (596). In the case of the foster children, the researchers noted that, "Their main goal is unilateral-self-saving [...] Their main interests are fear of punishment and a feeling of powerlessness" (601). The birthchildren that were offering intense rebellion were said to have, " [...] unilateral coercive goals to get their own way" (594). The birthchildren were acting in self-interest to exploit the parental authority's lack of resolve, while the foster children were obeying for self-preservation. As children grow into adulthood, they will for the most part become more aware of the need for obedience. The cost of punishment by law enforcement will generally get most people to abide by acceptable customs. The need for a steady paycheck will insure that they will put their feelings aside when taken advantage of in the workplace. They may rationalize to themselves, and others, that they are being obedient in order to live up to a moral or ethical standard. Adults may allow

Criminology Essays Drug Crime Assessment

Criminology Essays Drug Crime Assessment A Critical Assessment of the Supposed Relationship Between Drug Use and Crime. Introduction In the United Kingdom and many other countries statistics show that there is a significant relationship between recreational drug use and crime (Bean, 2004). What is unclear, however, is the nature of the relationship between drug use and crime and this has resulted in much discussion. In particular the relationship between crime and the use of illegal drugs, such as heroin and cocaine has been a major area of research and debate. Therefore, this report will concentrate on the link between illicit drug use and crime. The definition of drug-related crime excludes violations of drug laws and includes acts of crimes that are committed by people who are using drugs or in the course of buying drugs or selling (Stevens, 2005). Several theories have been developed which attempt to establish what the relationship is between drug use and crime and these will be discussed. Drug use leads to crime This idea is based on the notion that drug use leads to and crime. Goldstien (1985) proposed the relationship between violent crime and drug use can be classified into three categories. Firstly, psycho-pharmacological i.e., the physical properties of the drug affect the users mind in a way that leads to violent behaviour. Secondly, systemic i.e., violent behaviour is the normal and expected behaviour of the drug scene culture. Finally, economic-compulsive i.e., the addictive nature of the drug leads the user to engage in violent behaviour to steal items in order to resell them to fund their drug habit. This is probably the most widely accepted link between drug use and crime (Stevens, 2005). Research used to support that drug use leads to crime relies on the assumption that a lot of crime is committed by people who are drug users. The research invariably falls into two types. Firstly, offenders who have been caught are tested for drug use. This scheme, called The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) programme, has been implemented in England and Wales and in at least eight other countries (Stevens et al, 2005). The findings of ADAM show that a high proportion of people arrested tested positive for illegal drugs. For example, in 1998/9, 740 people arrested in England and Wales were tested for drug use and 69% of them tested positive, (Taylor, 2002). In addition, Ahmad and Mwenda (2004) state that 113,500 people in 2002 were dealt with by means of a caution or conviction for drug use. The second line of evidence to support the notion that drug use leads to crime is obtained from treatment studies. These studies assess the criminal activity of drug users who are undergoing treatment for their drug-use problem. For example, Best et al (2001) interviewed 100 dependent drug users who were receiving treatment and found 56% of the drug users engaged in acquisition crime. Both the above methods of research have been heavily criticised. Bean (2004), for example, points out that not all offenders use illicit drugs or are dependent on drugs. Also, not all dependent offenders commit crime. In addition, measures used to assess drug use can produce misleading results. One example is that urinalysis compares different drugs that are detectable in the urine for different lengths of time and this could bias the results obtained from such studies. Treatment studies have been criticised because they rely on self-assessment of offenders. This runs the risk of offenders exaggerating or minimising their use of drugs. In addition, treatment studies such as Best et al (2001) have failed to establish the sequence of the two events of drug use and crime. Knowing whether individuals committed crime before or after they started being involved in drug use is crucial in helping to establish whether drug use leads to crime. Allen (2005) addressed this issue by using sequence studies. Sequencing studies set out to establish the pattern of drug use and crime behaviour in the individuals receiving treatment for drug use. Allen (2005) found that out of a sample of 26 individuals that 23 had been arrested for criminal offending before using drugs and therefore there was no evidence that drug use leads to crime. Also, in another study Nurco (1987) found that criminals sometimes continue to commit crime after they have stopped using drugs. Allen (2005) also investigated why people became drug dependent. It was found that the development of dependency was partly because of both the normality of the crime and the use of drugs and partly because of important traumatic events that occurred in their lives, such as sexual abuse or bereavement. It was also found that many drug addicts attempted to successfully manage their drug habit without resorting to crime, such as gaining money by begging. Moreover, when they resorted to crime it was likely to be non-personal crimes such as shoplifting. In Allens view people exist within subcultures in which crime is acceptable and then at critical moments in their lives they become dependent on drugs. If drug use leads to crime then it has important implications because reducing drug use would in turn reduce the level of crime. It is also an extremely popular idea and in 2002 the UK government underlined their view that drug use does indeed lead to crime. The government implemented the Street Crime Initiative, which included making drug treatment available within 24hours for drug users who were arrested for street crime offences. The assumption was that treating offenders for their drug problem would break the link between drug use and street crime and therefore stop the cycle of re-offending. However, in light of the discussed criticisms the effectiveness of such crime prevention is highly questionable. Crime leads to drug use Just as there are views that drug use leads to crime there is also a view that crime leads to drug use. If such a relationship exists then this would also have important implications in the development of any polices: if crime leads to drug use then reducing drug use would not reduce crime, whereas reducing crime would reduce drug use. Three models exist to support that crime leads to drug use (Bean, 2004). Firstly, there is the subcultural theory, which suggests that individuals who are involved in criminal subcultures are more likely to participate in criminal and antisocial behaviour including drug use. Secondly, situational control theory suggests that crime allows the promotion of unrestricted conduct. Thirdly, self-medication suggests that individuals can have an underlying problem that is responsible for their criminal actions so therefore they take drugs to deal with the problem. The theory that crime leads to drug use, as with the view that drug use leads to crime, appears too simplistic. The evidence reviewed so far does not support the unidirectional causal relationship between drug use and crime. This has led to the development of an alternative theory that views the link between drug use and crime as a complex interaction between many causal events. The causal web theory The causal web view rejects the idea that crime leads to drug use and vice versa. Instead, the theory views the relationship between drug use and crime to be interconnected or both elements are affected by alternative variables. Bean (2004) suggests there are four types of theory related to the causal web model. Firstly, common origin theory suggests that drug use and crime develop from the same source, such as anti-social syndrome (Farrington 1997). Secondly, the reciprocal model where the relationship between drug use and crime are viewed as bi-directional i.e., both are dependent on each other and therefore mutually reinforced. Thirdly, the spurious or co-morbidity model that posits that drug use and crime occur in unison but this is by chance. Lastly, the policy model suggests that the link between drug use and crime is a result of the impact of the criminal justice policy. Many studies have failed to show any general link between drugs and crime (see da Agra, 2002, Byquist Olsen 1998). This supports the notion that there is a complex system of interactions between drugs and crime. The causal web theory, therefore, seems the best way to view the relationship between drugs and crime. The causal web theory recognises that many people who commit crime do use drugs but views the relationship between the two as extremely complex. Conclusion Recent findings suggest that theories supporting a unidirectional causal relationship between drug use and crime are over-simplistic. In contrast, the evidence strongly suggests that the relationship between drug use and crime is a complex one involving many interactions. This complexity must be considered if polices aimed at reducing drug-related crime are to be implemented effectively. Polices that only focus on one part of the drug-crime link are unlikely to succeed if another part is ignored. Future research is essential in teasing out the specific interactions between the relationship of drug use and crime and this will help in the development of effective strategies to deal with the issue. References Ahmad, M. Mwenda, L. (2004) Drug Seizure and Offender Statistics, United Kingdom, 2001 2002, Home Office Statistical Bulletin August. London: Home Office. Allen, J. Komy, E.L., Lovbakke, J. Roy, H. (2005) policing and the criminal Justice System-public confidence and perceptions: findings from the 2003/4 British Crime Survey. Home Office On-line Report 31/05. London: Home office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/bcs0304tech1.pdf Bean, P (2004) Drugs and Crime. Cullompton Willan Second edition. Best, D., Sidwell, C., Gossop, M., Harris, J. and Strang, J. (2001) Crime and Expenditure Among Polydrug Misusers Seeking Treatment. British Journal of Criminology, 41, p. 119 126. Bur, A (1987) Chasing the Dragon: Heroin Misuse, Dependency and Crime in the context of South London Culture. The British Journal of Criminology, 27 (4), 333-357. da Agra, C. (2002). The complex structures, processes and meanings of the drug/crime relationship. In S. Brochu, Cda Agra, M Cousineau (Eds). Drugs and Crime Deviant Pathways. Aldershot. Ashgate. Farrington, D (1997) Human Development and Criminal Careers in Maguire, M et al. The oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford. Goldstein, P (1985) The drug-violence nexus; a tripartite framework. Journal of Drug Issues (Fall), 493-506. Hayes, P (1993) a view from the probation service in Russell, J (ed) Alcohol Hayes, P Russell, J (ed) Alcohol and Crime, London: Mental Health Foundation. Nurco, D.W (1987) Drug addiction and crime: A complicated issue. British Journal of Addictions, 82, 7-9. Stevens A, Trace, M and Bewley-Taylor.D (2005) Reducing drug related crime: an overview of the global evidence. Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme. http://www.internationaldrugpolicy.net/reports/BeckleyFoundation_Report_05.pdf Taylor, (2002). I-ADAM in Eight Countries: Approaches and Challenges. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs.

Bans on Cigarette Advertising Does NOT Stop Smoking :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Bans on Cigarette Advertising Does NOT Stop Smoking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since 1971, the cigarette industry has not been allowed to advertise on radio and television. However, the ban has not worked as well as it was planned to work. The reasons are that advertisements are not the primary reason that teens take up smoking. Another reason is that the industry has gotten around the ban by using forms of hidden advertising and corporate sponsorship. The industry has also heavily relied on the print media to advertise its product. Smoking has become influential due to many different forms of advertising.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Up until 1971, cigarettes had been advertised like any other consumer product, but health concerns led to a government-imposed ban on broadcast advertising. â€Å"July 27, 1965, Congress approved the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. The Federal Cigarette Labeling Act and Advertising Act was passed to establish a comprehensive program to deal with cigarette labeling and advertising† (Holak 220). â€Å"This law made it impossible for any person to manufacture, import or package cigarettes without the following statement clearly labeled on the box: Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous To Your Health† (Altman 95). Any person or company that was found guilty of violating this Act upon conviction was subject to a fine of not more then ten thousand dollars. Cigarettes manufactured or packaged for export form the United States were not required to label this. The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act took effect on January 1, 1 996.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four years later, Congress approved another Act: the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1996. There were two major changes. First, the statement required on cigarette packages was changed to â€Å"Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous To Your Health† (Altman 97). Second, it stated that after January 1, 1971 it shall be unlawful to advertise cigarettes on any medium of electronic communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fifteen years later, Congress approved the comprehensive Smoking Education Act. This Act was yet another amendment to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. Once again the statement required that all cigarette packages to be changed. The packages must now have one of the following labels: â€Å"SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy† or â€Å"SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Quitting Smoking Now Greatly Reduces Serious Risks To Your Health† or â€Å"SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Smoking By Pregnant Women May Result In Fetal Injury, Premature Birth, And Low Birth Weight† and lastly â€Å"SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Cigarette Smoke Contains Carbon Monoxide† (Brann 10).

Beyond Beyond Fashion

There is a trick of my writing teacher: When we finish reading an essay, first he asks: â€Å"What is it about? † We answer, then he asks:† If that's not what the essay is about, then what is it about? † So we answer again, striving to squeeze out every drop of intelligence out of our brain cells. Repetitively, after we are willingly tortured by this same question for three more rounds, the essence of the essay shows up. This was exactly the same feeling I received from the exhibition Charles James: Beyond Fashion, displayed by the Costume Institution of the Metropolitan Museum ofArt. Throughout the exhibition, I was asked this question over and over again: If fashion is not what the exhibition about, then what? Started from Maya and lasting until August 10, the special exhibition of Costume Institute of Metropolitan Museum presents the audience signature pieces of Charles James, an Anglo fashion designer who was active during the post-WWW 20th century in America. The exhibition is held in the special exhibition galleries on the Museum's first floor and The Costume Institute's Anna Winter Costume Center on the ground floor, including one small adjunct hall showing documents.Fifteen evening ball gowns and about fifty ready-to- wears are displayed. With intricate costumes, James first of all stood out as a king of fabric sculptor without crown beyond the simple definition of a fashion designer who made clothes that fit in the trend. The costumes were indeed â€Å"amazing†Ã¢â‚¬â€- quoting the most commonly used word of the visitors. James' original spiral cut, almost seamless design and the free draping technique are still not nearly comparable in the present day.They were not Just fashion, but sculptures that go around human body with full artistry and could stand the test of pure aesthetic examination. However, if the costumes were examined even beyond their tags of â€Å"fashion† and beyond their sculptural appearances, the int ention of these designs was actually in some degree provoking, if we examine the quotes of James that were written on the walls of the halls. A quote of James revealed that his ideal of fashion was largely sexual. â€Å"The feminine figure,† he believed, was â€Å"intrinsically wrong†.Thereby he claimed, â€Å"All my seams have meaning, they emphasize something about the body. † In this way, he striver to â€Å"perfect† the female body, however destroying the natural beauty of female odd at the same time. As a result, the innate motive beyond the fashion appearance of these designs was sexism aesthetics of the traditional malpractice, which should have been eliminated a long time ago. James' fastidious and male-centric aesthetic of female figure beyond his ability as an artist was further revealed by details in his designs. In the actual practice, James overemphasized the female parts.First, the tops gather into sharp and pointing horn. This design was ma de possible by darts of the gowns' tops following the traditional Rococo corset, which once made the teenage arils and young wives' waistlines tiny but at the same time cruelly took away many of their lives. At the same time, the bottoms of gowns spread widely. Either the gowns had big volume of piled-up drapes on the hip, or they were supported directly by two bustles, which was also a typical classic masculine aesthetic that addressed female's ability of bearing kids.Overall, James' costumes remade a women's body into a funnel shape. In addition, the bosoms were preferably shaped as cones, which presented women lasciviously. Even in the Victorian times, this male-dominant esthetics was giggly controversial for these characteristics defined females simply attractive in the way of a reproduction and bearing machine. In the post World War II America, after the liberation of female body brought by the ‘H' dresses, this Victorian renaissance was a recess that brought female back into the prison of clothes.Rather, in today's aspect, these aesthetics of female body are morbid. For females, it is the blood and tears in females' costume history. These characteristics, as â€Å"beautiful† as some might consider, are dross of the Victorian culture that should never be reused to improve he figure or even hinted in a modern design. I have to say, peeking into the motive of the designer, I saw an egocentric though man who are arrogant in the way he examining females. Finally, the end of the exhibition explored what truly was beyond this fashion designer Charles James explored even deeper.Beyond a fashion godfather, a king of fabric sculpturing, and a self-involved and orthodox masculine artiest, the documentary hall showed James as a person. Traditional mannequins and sketches were shown. While at the meantime, the document room also showed he videos clips of James kissing his finale model on her cheek before going on the runway, and an important list of cele brities and artists typed by James that James would like to design for. The tone of the list was playful, ironic and effusive. There were as well glowing critics, basically eulogies.In this room, though most people do not linger in it, the most interesting information what the artist was available, and it gave anyone who wanted to look deeper into the motive and inspiration of him a lucid answer: genially eccentric, Charles James' boldness and arrogance toward there led to his unceasing pursuit of perfection and the exploration of impossibility, which explained his surprising designs and the elaborate way of fabricating the costumes. As an exhibition of the Metropolitan museum, there were some commendable displaying methods in this exhibition indeed.The exhibition started with a theatrical opening. At the entrance, the world darkened down, and with the wall showing the name of the exhibition and a classic walking mannequin (a woman-shape body model) of James, the bright outer world and the dark inside world were clearly vided. There was as if a magical twilight moment, indicating the arrival of something brilliant in the darkness. After the prologue, I was almost brought into Sesame's studio on 699 Madison Street by muslin samples of his gowns posing around his famous â€Å"butterfly' sofa, recreating the scene of the studio and the salon of James.Inside the hall, the gowns were arranged in a spiral shape, going around his best- known masterpiece: Clover Leaf Ball Gown 1953. The x-ray analysis as well as the animation simulator explained the inner structure of the clothes by showing the involutes plastic bones and complicated drapes in the layers of fabric. The application of new technology treated fashion so scientifically —-as if a real piece of architecture—-that it gave even the most general audience a chance to think about the materialist word â€Å"fashion† in a whole new way.On the pads that showed the information of exhibits, a fe w hints about this sexual intentions of James' designs by showing the costumes of inspiration from the Victorian time, without explaining the underlying meaning of the original design. Though implicit about the word â€Å"sexual†, Hess pictures purposefully gave the audience a clue to the intention but still left them room to think that what was truly beyond fashion beside the artsy structure, allowing their own interpretation.Deliberately, the exposition of the clothes revealed the museum's respect to the master James, for his elaborate effort paid beneath the fabric. Furthermore, the exhibition's respect was also to the audience, as the museum brought fashion back to the ground, accessible to a general audience, while it respect the individual thinking by leading the audience to think about what was truly beyond cushion instead of giving out a definite answer. Still, compare to the art value of the exhibits, the display of the exhibition was fairly not a highlight.The light ing in the main halls was a disaster. Firstly, the semi-dark lighting environment in the black hall was a click. Comparing to other costume exhibitions at the Met Museum, this technique was so widely used that this trick did not tell anything about the artist. It was even anti-characteristic. James had a preference for dark colors. However, the semi darkness created a hostile environment for the audience to see the details. Especially since flash was not allowed, without a professional camera, I could not capture any details of the dark coats and gowns beside their silhouettes.And since the photos could not be used as long-term documents, the educational function of the museum in this aspect was largely sacrificed. Additionally, the semi-darkness also brought a sense of heaviness to the costumes. To illustrate, one of the best-known gown called â€Å"Swan† was named for the lightness of the peplum, which was composed of six layers of delicate chiffon. Nonetheless, with the li ghting, I did not see the eighteens at all because the semi-dark casting light could not go through and light up the costume like natural light.Therefore, what I saw was an impenetrable broom instead of the airy dress, which was not influenced by gravity. Overall, the display was mismatched with the costumes, even though there were few novel techniques applied. The masterpieces were as if sunk in a Jar platitude. The title Beyond Fashion made me feel confused and enthralled when I first stepped in that dark hall, yet I felt illuminated and preoccupied when I stepped back to the bright outer world. The exhibition successfully pushed one to think about the essence beyond appearance by presenting the costumes in different layers and angles.An audience could feel the question of what was beyond fashion throughout the exhibition. The magic would not happen until the very end, where one could confidently give out his/her own answer, like the answer to fifth round of questioning of my writ ing teacher. As for me, beyond fashion, beyond structure, beyond male chauvinism and beyond all his drama, I saw an aloof, fastidious, nostalgic, self- involved, narcissistic yet incredibly serious and genius about fashion soul of this master, this man.

Suicide Essays

Suicide Essays Suicide Essay Suicide Essay Teenage years are the hardest times. Your having changes in your body, going through relationships, and trying to plan your future. When you go to look for answers, it seems like no one has them. Thats what starts teenagers to feel alone. When they feel this way they will try to medicate themselves by drugs and alcohol or violence. Studies show that teens who feel this way are Suicide, intentional, self-inflicted death. A uniquely human act, suicide occurs in all cultures. People who attempt or complete suicide usually suffer from extreme emotional pain and distress and feel unable to cope with their problems. They are likely to suffer from mental illness, particularly severe depression, and to Suicide is becoming a public-health problem. It is now the leading cause of death worldwide. Researchers believe mental illness in young people are the cause of the increase in suicide. Not only do suicides rates differ between age groups but also men and women. Men succeed in more suicide s but more women attempt. Methods of suicide can differ from drug overdose to hanging. Poisoning or overdose is the least amount of suicide rates. Hanging is the leading method worldwide. The United States has 60 percent suicides committed by guns. Where it is less easy to get a gun in Canada there is only 30 percent committed suicides. Only 15 to 25 percent of those who kill themselves leave suicide notes. People often think suicide is caused by difficult situations such as failure in school or marriage. Experts believe those are just triggers and its really caused by the brain, genetics or social forces. The majority of people who kill themselves are suffering from depression. Researchers believe that genetics play a role in suicidal behavior. They believe it runs in the family. There are also some psychological theories.

Final Essays

Final Essays Final Essay Final Essay Essay Topic: Uncle Toms Children Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: : Final Stereotypes can be defined as popular beliefs of specific characteristics in relation to a specific group or type of individual members and usually it has an assumption that the members of the specific group or the individual members have certain similarities, which are common to all. Stereotype is usually based on assumptions, which do not have any facts; therefore, it can be said it does not have any proof. Stereotype can be either a positive or a negative feeling towards a certain specific social group. Prejudice can be defined as a judgment, which is made prior getting any proof, and it is usually baseless and it has a negative feeling/attitude towards a certain specific group or a type of individual members. It is usually an exaggeration of the characteristics of other members of certain social groups in relation to why they are different from the members of our own specific social group. It has a negative feeling and a discriminative behavior that characterizes it, which is not based on emotions towards a certain specific social group. Lastly, discrimination can be defined as the treatment/behavior of attacking other members of a certain group, which is usually unfair. Discrimination is usually based on the different characteristics portrayed by certain members of a specific social group. It is characterized by its prejudice behavior, which is usually negative. Additionally, discrimination usually involves emotions and actions towards other members of another specific social group based on their specific characteristics, which are different from themselves. The three terms, stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination contain some differences, which can be clearly noted. One of the differences is that stereotypes and prejudice do not express emotions as opposed to discrimination where it expresses emotion and actions towards individual members of other specific social groups. Stereotypes and prejudice only expresses their feelings in form of comments, which distinguishes them from other social groups, but discrimination expresses both the feelings and emotions, which are then transferred into actions against other specific individual members of certain specific groups. For instance, in prejudice and stereotypes, they can say, â€Å"the Mexicans are not very clever.† In discrimination, they can attack them directly by avoiding the members of the social group (Mexicans) or vandalizing their property or other things. This can also be seen clearly in the job market where one can be employed based on the three terms. Another difference, which can be clearly seen in the three terms, is that discrimination and prejudice are only negative towards other members of different social groups but stereotypes can be either positive or negative. For example, in prejudice and discrimination we can say that â€Å"the black people are very people† but in stereotype we can ether say that â€Å"the black people are very hardworking† or â€Å"the black folk are very poor.† The positive side is that the black people are hardworking. This shows that the positive attributes of the black people as compared to the others where they have only shown the negative side of the black people, which is they are poor and it is not always right. Lastly, they can be differentiated from each other from the effects, which they have on the other members of the other specific social groups. Discrimination and prejudice can cause a person to have low self-esteem in relation to the comments and actions made against them. These effects can lead to somebody having rigorous changes in behavior so that he/she can be accepted in a certain social group or he can be rebellious and attack back against the comment. In the case of stereotype, the case is not the same since it is not always negative. When it is positive, a person’s self-esteem can be raised and the person can be encourage to do more than his expectations. However, we can conclude that the three work hand in hand with one another. They both affect one another and one form can lead to the happening of the other. For example, when hiring people to lift boxes and heavy equipment in accompany the human resource manager might be stereotype and say, it is not good to hire the men who are not well built. This will lead to the decision of not hiring them, which is being prejudice and finally they will tend to avoid them in the performance of an interview, which is discrimination. Prejudice can influence can influence the social behavior of an individual in different ways. These different social behaviors can be shown in form of an example. For example, in the in the professional job market especially in the marketing division where a accompany wants to higher women to market their products. The human resource manager does not hire those women who are fat because they will not give the company a good image or they will not be able to attract customers. One of the women, who are fat, decides to go back home and start performing several exercises so that she could reduce and become beautiful. It can be concluded that due to the prejudice by the human resource manager by not employing fat women he has affected the social behavior of the women. The woman has started to exercise and yet she did not use to exercise before therefore, her social behavior has been affected A When I am in school, I always tend to avoid joining sports clubs because I might humiliate myself in the different games despite the fact that I might be very good in them. I did not want to enroll in any sporting activity where I would be performing in front of people. On the other hand, I have always been in the forefront in making jokes to those who humiliate themselves. Only when I was sure that I am good in something that was the only time I could join any club. I have concluded that, it is the fear of humiliation that has led me not to join the sporting activities. This fear that I have been having against joining these clubs have led to me not joining this certain clubs and yet I might be very talented in one of them like cheer leading or swimming. Therefore, it has made it difficult for me to tap my other potential talents, which I might be having.

Manhattan Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Manhattan Project - Essay Example In the quest for an atomic-powered weapon, the secrets of nuclear physics and chemistry were exposed. Following the theoretical assessment of producing a controllable nuclear chain reactor, physical engineering was employed to construct the specific mechanics required. Communication contributed as much to the success of the Manhattan Project as did scientific discovery. Although the creation of the first atomic weapon was clearly a technological triumph, the question of morality and responsibility to ethics will forever plague the topic. Regardless of whether America was morally justified in deploying atomic weaponry on Japan, though, the Manhattan Project will always be an excellent example of collaboration and communication in scientific and engineering fields. The Atomic Age, a period of incessant discovery and revelation of atomic and subatomic wonders - an age that revolutionized the physical world - began on a vacant playing field beneath the University of Chicago stadium on December 2, 1942. In the late afternoon of this momentous day, Fermi and Leo Szilard created the first controlled nuclear reactor, a model later reconstructed into five different reactor prototypes.[3] From the first controllable chain reaction to the dropping of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematics - the core disciplines of modern engineering - raced mercilessly ahead to godly enlightenment: the power of life and annihilation. The first atomic bomb, a weapon harnessing the devastating power of nuclear fission, was developed as an end to World War II and all war thereafter. Comprehension of the bomb and its historical development is attained by breaking the subject into three related components: chemistry, nuclear physics, and the practical engineering that realized the theoretical dream. The Chemistry Aspect Fission is an elementary chemical interaction between subatomic particles. Nuclear fission is defined as the splitting of an atom by nucleus bombardment. Atoms consist of three subatomic particles: negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons, and neutrons, which have no electrical charge. Atomic nuclei are dense cores of atoms composed of neutrons and protons, and are thus positively charged. Chemical reactions, from basic acid-base titrations to nuclear fission, involve the collision of atomic particles. Fission begins with the high-energy collision of neutrons with the nucleus of another atom. Protons cannot partake in nuclear bombardment because of the electrostatic repulsion between positively-charged protons and nuclei. For fission to proceed, a neutron fired at the atom must fuse with the nucleus, producing a less-stable isotope. The "heavy" atom, chemically volatile, will split into two stable atoms, discharge neutrons, and generate energy (in the form of Gamma radiation). The neutrons released are free to collide

Case Study- The man who said no to Wal-Mart Study

- The man who said no to Wal-Mart - Case Study Example Almost no matter what you're selling, the gravitational force of Wal-Mart's 3,811 U.S. "doorways" is irresistible" (Fishman, 2006). So what would make Jim Wier the CEO of lawn-equipment maker Simplicity say no to Wal-Mart This research endeavors to unravel this mystery by critically evaluating the issues that arise from the case study and independent research. 1. From its inception Wal-Mart's center of attention has always been about Every Day Low Pricing, and that view remains to this day. Sam Walton in "Made in America." is quoted as saying that Wal-Mart is obsessed with having the lowest prices. On the other hand, according to Wier, snapper is obsessed with having differentiated, high-end, quality products" and not the price. These are two very different points of view. These differences in corporate objectives can also be glimpsed from sentiments by a Wal-Mart high-ranking executive that a trillion dollars in annual turnover for the group is not as unreal as it may sound while Wier's own sentiments don't seem to share this view. He says that snapper is not primarily as keen on volumes. Target Customers and Market Segmentation. Market segmentation is an issue that arises as we study the snapper/Wal-Mart case. It can be defined as the division of a market into subsets of prospects with similar characteristics that distinguish them as likely to purchase certain offerings. Walker, Mullins, Boyd & Larreche. (2006). There are different categories of need that an offering satisfies and customers fit in different categories depending on their needs. Wal-Mart for all its worth uses low price as its key marketing and competitive strategy and often targets lower and lower middle-class customers. These low prices have another advantage in that they eliminate the cost of regular sales promotions. Wal-mart has also adopted a unique inventory system that that has allowed economies of scale resulting in a reduction in the costs of sales. Wal-Mart takes advantage in its being able to purchase in bulk and selling the goods itself. The strategy has served Wal-Mart-well over the years as evidenced by its unprecedented growth . Wal-Mart offers a selection of goods based on their customer's requirements. They are low on high-end goods because of the belief that people need discounted prices on practical products as opposed to the expensive brand name goods. Wal-Mart relies on their convenience and low prices. Wal-Mart does not have specific sections for specific brands. Snapper on the other hand is convinced that customers are different and targets high-end users. Believing that their customer's primary motivation would be performance and the longevity not low price. The Wal-Mart's popularity is mainly due to the following Every Day Low Price strategy. This has proved to be an all time winner mainly